The Samnites, people from the areas of Abruzzo and Molise, and allies of the Romans, conquered Greek Cumae between 423 and 420 BC. The period between about 450–375 BC witnessed large areas of the city being abandoned while important sanctuaries such as the Temple of Apollo show a sudden lack of votive material remains. In 474 BC, the Greek city of Cumae, allied with Syracuse, defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae and gained control of the area. The city wall was strengthened in the early 5th century BC with two façades of relatively thin, vertically set slabs of Sarno limestone some four metres (13 ft) apart filled with earth (the orthostate wall). The earliest settlement was focused in regions VII and VIII of the town (the old town) as identified from stratigraphy below the Samnite and Roman buildings, as well as from the different and irregular street plan. The city began to flourish and maritime trade started with the construction of a small port near the mouth of the river. That such an impressive wall was built at this time indicates that the settlement was already important and wealthy. The first wall (which was also used as a base for the later wall) unusually enclosed a much greater area than the early town together with much agricultural land. In the early 6th century BC, the settlement merged into a single community centred on the important crossroad between Cumae, Nola, and Stabiae and was surrounded by a tufa city wall (the pappamonte wall). Greek and Phoenician sailors used the location as a safe port.

: 62 At the same time the cult of Apollo was introduced. The most important building of this period is the Doric Temple, built away from the centre in what would later become the Triangular Forum. With the arrival of the Greeks in Campania from around 740 BC, Pompeii entered the orbit of the Hellenic people. Greek Doric Temple (6th century BC) in the Triangular Forum

In 2018, these led to new discoveries in some previously unexplored areas of the city. Īfter many excavations prior to 1960 that had uncovered most of the city but left it in decay, further major excavations were banned or limited to targeted, prioritised areas. Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually. The numerous graffiti carved on the walls and inside rooms provide a wealth of examples of the largely lost Vulgar Latin spoken colloquially at the time, contrasting with the formal language of the classical writers. Over time, they decayed, leaving voids that archaeologists found could be used as moulds to make plaster casts of unique, and often gruesome, figures in their final moments of life. Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were interred in the ash. 11,000 in AD 79, enjoying many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and works of art which were the main attractions for the early excavators. It was a wealthy town, with a population of ca. Largely preserved under the ash, the excavated city offered a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried, although much of the detailed evidence of the everyday life of its inhabitants was lost in the excavations. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. Pompeii ( / p ɒ m ˈ p eɪ( i)/, Latin: ) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy.

Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata

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